The following notes refer to the species of this plant. Class 1a. Extremely hazardous: cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase, typical cardiac glycoside intoxication, vomiting, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, severe headache, irregular heartbeat and pulse, convulsions, CNS disturbance, cardiac arrest, sudden death.

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111. p.99

The following notes refer to the species of this plant. Toxic due to cardiac glycosides that may derange cardiac rhythm and gastro-intestinal upsets.

Professor Anthony Dayan, 2022